The Battles of Philippi - 976 Words

The Battles of Philippi (42 BCE): The Death of the Roman Republic The battles of Philippi remain one of the best examples of how audacity on the battlefield can influence history. The battles are the climax of the civil war following the assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BCE by a band of prominent political figures of Rome; (led by Marcus Junius Brutus (Brutus) and Gaius Cassius Longina (Cassius)) who will be referred to in this paper as ‘the Liberators’. The Battles that occurred on the Macedonian plains from the 1st-21st of October 42 BCE will clearly show that no matter the period of history the battlefield considerations of Political, Military, Economic, Social, and Physical Environment can be exploited to achieve victory.†¦show more content†¦Well situated on the high ground fortifications the ‘Liberator’ forces could have simply outlasted the forces of the Triumvirate. Pro-Caesarian forces occupied low swampy coastal plain not well situated to support a Roman army. In an attempt to overcome Triumvirate limitations, Mark Antony constructed a causeway to support a troop movement to the ‘Liberator’s’ rear. Upon receiving intelligence that Cassius had ordered a wall to be built cutting the causeway and isolating Mark Antony from the field, Mark Antony seized the opportunity and attacked the ‘Liberators’ (Appian, 2007). Using this technique Mark Antony forced Cassius’ hand and ultimately his suicide. The Battles of Philippi hold many lessons that apply to today’s battlefield. The clearest lesson is that boldness will carry the day. By seizing the initiative Mark Anthony overcame disadvantages of terrain and logistics. His unpredictable actions led to the deaths of the two men that posed the largest threat to the Triumvirate. By understanding the effect of shock, the value of initiative, and courage the Triumvirate commanders would carry the day. Mark Antony’s understanding of enemy force str ucture and doctrine, the effects of culture, and experience as a leader allowed him to outwit his foe. His effective use of scouts and effective intelligence about ‘Liberator’ intentions allowed him toShow MoreRelatedHonor : A Tragic Hero1399 Words   |  6 Pagescommitted suicide as result of the turn of events that have happened. After this Brutus insists on fighting a battle at Philippi, against Cassius’s will, they go forth with it. Little did Brutus know, it would be resulted in Octavius’s favor. Finally, in Philippi, Brutus cannot sleep because he sees an image of Caesar’s ghost representing Brutus’s evil spirit. As the play reached the battle at Philippi, Brutus’s forces are defeated and on man is captured leading to Brutus’s own death. The same sword in whichRead More Philippi: A City of Immeasurable Significance2218 Words   |  9 PagesPhilippi: A City of Immeasurable Significance Philippi is a city rich in ancient history, and is possibly the most important archeological site of the great plain of eastern Macedonia.? The ancient town has seen the fate of the West played out within its borders on several occasions and majestic ruins left from the town?s extraordinary history testify to the great civilizations that have inhabited the region.? Philippi is most famous for two reasons: it was the scene of one of the most decisiveRead MoreJulius Caesar as the Noblest Roman of Them All Essay686 Words   |  3 Pagesconspirators kill Julius Caesar one by one. After seeing Caesars body Mark Antony, Caesars associate, plans revenge for Caesars killing. Antony then plans an alliance with Octavious. The play ends with Mark Antony winning the battle against the devious Cassius and the vulnerable Brutus. The character I firstly intend to discuss is Caesar because this is the character who the play evolves around. Caesar first enters the play after his victory in the civil warRead MoreAliaa Research Paper1172 Words   |  5 PagesLydia had moved from her home in Thyatira, Asia to Philippi, Macedonia where she was operating a Roman Government owned business, which sold Purple. Royal Purple or Tyrian was an expensive liquid purple dye that was harvested, in very small amounts, from Mollusk; common in the Mediterranean Sea. Purple cloth was especially expensive. The Roman Emperor Claudius monopolized purple by making it a controlled substance and commonly the stores selling purple were operated by members of the Royal family;Read MoreEssay on The Rise and Reign of Emperor Augustus1389 Words   |  6 PagesBrutus and Cassius had been outlawed and the amnesty revoked (the assassins had gathered large forces in the east and had gathered forces in Asia minor with 19 legion and a powerful fleet), now in the year 42BC Octavian felt he was ready for The Battle of Philippi. Unfortunately he wasn’t as successful a s he had hoped, in the first encounter with Cassius he was defeated however, and Cassius committed suicide during this engagement. During the second encounter (this time with Brutus) they had victory andRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis899 Words   |  4 PagesWhich so appearing to the common eyes, we shall be called purgers, not murderers† (Shakespeare 61). Brutus thinks that if they seemed justified in Caesar’s killing, the people won’t kill them and will praise them as heros. Before going into battle at Philippi, Brutus says he wouldn’t kill himself because, â€Å"I did blame Cato for the death which he did give himself (I know not how, but I do find it cowardly and vile, for fear of what might fall, so to prevent the time of life)† (Shakespeare 187). BrutusRead MoreExamples Of Tragic Hero In Julius Caesar905 Words   |  4 Pagesdeath, his ghost haunted Brutus, informing him that he will see him on the battlefield at Philippi, as seen in the following dialogue: Brutus: Speak to me what thou art. Ghost: Thy evil spirit, Brutus. Brutus: Why com’st thou? Ghost: To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi. (IV, iii, 280-283) Caesars ghost is a manifestation of Brutus guilty conscience, foreshadowing Brutus’ death at the battle at Philippi. It is evident that Brutus feels that his part in Caesars assassination needs to be revengedRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Julius Caesar1043 Words   |  5 PagesRome, Brutus indeed paid his good intentions. Assuredly, Brutus’s three fatal mistakes could be listed in order as he joined the conspiracy, rejected killing Antony, and insisted his army must march to Philippi led to the downfall of himself. After coming back to Rome from triumphing over a battle, Julius Caesar received a warning from the soothsayer to beware the ides of March, which foreshadowed his death. Yet Cassius, on the other side, convinced Brutus of Caesar’s dangerous nature and persuadedRead MoreThe Smyrna Church, Ad 100-300 Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch is recorded about his younger life, but according to tradition, he was mentored by the Apostle John. Later, Polycarp became the bishop of Smyrna which is in modern-day Turkey. His only known surviving writing was an epistle to the church at Philippi which revealed that he had little formal education and evidenced his humility and straightforwardness. He is also famous for combating Gnostic philosophy that had crept into the church and for converting many Gnostics to Christianity. Polycarp isRead MoreThe Battle Of The Second Triumvirate2571 Words   |  11 Pages The Battle of Philippi was the last fought battle of the wars of the second Triumvir ate. These wars were a fight between the forces of Marc Antony and Octavian of the Second Triumvirate, and the forces of Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. Brutus and Cassius were the assassinators of Julius Caesar, Marc Antony and Octavian were very close allies with Julius Caesar and Octavian would become the heir to his throne after the assassination. Because of this, Marc Antony and Octavian would

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck and Charles Darwin were...

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck and Charles Darwin were two of the most notable evolutionary scientists in history. While Lamarck was known for his theory of inheritance by acquired characteristics, Darwin was also respectfully known for his theory of evolution by natural selection. While they did share some similar beliefs, they also disagreed on important aspects of evolution as well. The parallels and dissimilarities between the two theories can be highlighted by looking at the Trichobatrachus robustas, better known as the horror/hairy frog. The horror frog is native to the West coast area of Central Africa and belongs to the family Arthroleptidae. This frogs remarkable ability other than to grow hair on its body is to break the bones on their hind feet and to thrust a sharp claw through their skin. The claw is settled inside a mass of connective tissue. A chunk of collagen forms a bond between the claws sharp point and a small piece of bone at the tip of the frogs toe, (NewScientist, 2008). David Blackburn of Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology says that claws are not coated in keratin, like all other known claws in the vertebrae world, (Science Blogs, 2008). When the frog is threatened, they flex a muscle that connects to the lower half of the claw. This severs the connection to a nodule and pulls the claw downward. The claw which is made of reinforced and thickened bone, pierces the frog’s own skin and through the skin of the toe, (National Geographic, 2008). DavidShow MoreRelatedThe History of Darwi n’s Theory of Evolution980 Words   |  4 Pages Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. (Dobzhanski, 1973) It was during his journey on board the Beagle that Darwin developed his theory of evolution. â€Å"On the Origin of Species† (Darwin, 1859) proposed two main principles: evolution really occurs and natural selection is its mechanism. This work published on 24th November 1859 traces a coherent portrait of life bringing together in an orderly manner an astonishing variety of apparently independent facts. It led biologistsRead MoreCharles Darwin Was Not the First to Develop a Theory of Evolution3779 Words   |  16 Pages From his theories that he claimed were developed during his voyage, Darwin eventually wrote his Origin of Species and Descent of Man, which exploded into the world market over twenty years after his return home. Wallace, King and Sanders wrote in Biosphere, The Realm of Life: In 1859, Charles Darwin published a theory of evolution that implied that humans evolved from apes. . .The Darwinian revolution was the greatest paradigm shift in the history of biology, and it greatly changed the wayRead MoreCharles Darwins Religious Beliefs2647 Words   |  11 PagesTerm Paper: Throughout history, many have inquired into Charles Darwin’s religious beliefs and have come up with a wide variety of answers. Why are his personal beliefs important when dealing with a matter of science that Darwin researched? Darwin excluded the question of a Creator from his works because it was irrelevant to his scientific research, and the debate regarding Darwin’s faith arises due to his conflicting accounts of his personal faith as well as the way his early childhood and teenageRead More2B study guide Essay7886 Words   |  32 Pagestransfer of heat between organism and surroundings c. Adaptation: structure or physiological process, or behavior, that occurs over several generations as an organism develops certain traits to better survive and reproduce in an environment; the evolutionary process that leads to the development of such trait. d. Acclimation: Process that can occur within one organism’s lifetime to adapt to an environment and can often be reversible, example: goldfish and water temperature adaptation. Long distanceRead MoreHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 Pages   |Biography: Herbert Spencer | Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English philosopher, scientist, engineer, and political economist. In his day his works were important in popularizing the concept of evolution and played an important part in the development of economics, political science, biology, and philosophy. Herbert Spencer was born in Derby on April 27, 1820. His childhood

Do you think there are some characters in the play whose chief role is to convey cultural values Essay Example For Students

Do you think there are some characters in the play whose chief role is to convey cultural values? Essay Questionà ¯Ã‚   An exploration of the beliefs of the Nurse and Chorus in the portrayal of Medea. Throughout the play Medea is evoked as a person with many different character traits. The Chorus and the Nurse portray their view points of Medea in many different was. As the Nurse knows Medea, she is aware of what she is capable of doing. While the Chorus helps to balance both sides and viewpoints of Medea and Jason. To begin with, the Nurse portrays Medea as happy even though she is a traitor for example: We will write a custom essay on Do you think there are some characters in the play whose chief role is to convey cultural values? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now â€Å"Her heart smitten with love† (l.7) The word â€Å"smitten† means that Medea was love-struck and obsessed with Jason. This suggests that the Nurse is shocked that Medea could be so content and jovial after betraying her family. We believe Medea wanted to leave her family. Secondly, the Chorus feel Medea is full of pride for example: â€Å"Take on your role of murderer- And not weep?† (l.l. 832-833) This phrase means that Medea is so arrogant that she can kill her own sons. This implies the Chorus was shocked that she could do this to her own flesh and blood. We feel her pride eventually causes all of her suffering. In addition, the Nurse is worried of Medea’s unpredictable behavior for example: â€Å"Don’t let them near Medea in her present mood.† (l.82) The phrase â€Å"near Medea† signifies that Medea could do dangerous things in the frame of mind she is in. This suggests the Nurse knows her character and takes precautions for the children. We believe the Nurse was trying to protect the children from getting hurt. Similarly, the Chorus also feels that Medea is capricious for example: â€Å"No more hope! They are already walking to their death.† (l.946) The phrase â€Å"No more hope!† means that there is nothing that can be done to save the children. This implies that even though the Chorus might have expected that Medea would now not kill her children they start to see that it is inevitable. We believe they have finally seen both the boy’s and the princess’ deaths are expected. Further, the Nurse feels Medea is in a state of distress for example: â€Å"She does not eat. She gives herself to grief† (l.23) The word â€Å"grief† means that Medea is going through a lot of heartache. This suggests the Nurse felt Medea was not eating because she was in pain. We feel sympathy towards Medea. Furthermore, the Chorus feels that Medea is very unforgiving for example: â€Å"If your husband adores his new love, Let that be: do not vex yourself.† (l.l. 144-145) The phrase â€Å"let that be† is shocking because the Chorus feels it is okay for Jason to cheat on Medea. This brings out the two different viewpoints between Medea and the Chorus, as the fact that Jason leaving Medea aggravates her, the chorus expects her to let go of him and forget about him. We understand Medea’s beliefs better. Moreover, the Chorus can tell that Medea is annoyed and frustrated for example: â€Å"Anger is fearful and hard to heal, When those who once were lovers start to fight.† (l.l. 499-500) The phrase â€Å"hard to heal† means that it is difficult to forgive one another. This suggests the Chorus feel sympathy towards Medea and they understand why she is aggravated. We feel Jason should not have left Medea after all she had done for him. In addition, the Chorus find Medea very daring for example: .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 , .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 .postImageUrl , .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 , .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5:hover , .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5:visited , .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5:active { border:0!important; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5:active , .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5 .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0683b16631e25221d76ba947b20302b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The play An Inspector Calls Essay Summaryâ€Å"She will put on the robe and golden crown, Dressed as the bride of death.† (l.l. 952-953) This phrase talks about the way in which Medea hopes to kill Creon’s daughter the Princess. This suggests that the Chorus finds Medea very courage’s to take on people with such high power. We feel this point highlights how the Chorus and Medea have different beliefs. Further, the Chorus support Medea’s beliefs for example: â€Å"He’ll be no friend of ours† (l.639) This phrase implies that the Chorus support Medea’s views and understand how bad her suffering is. This suggests that the women have finally spoken up louder than men. We believe Medea can be very convincing. Furthermore, the Nurse sees Medea as a woman who will not relinquish for example: â€Å"She’ll not give up her anger till she has struck- Let’s hope it is her enemies, not these dear ones!† This phrase means she will keep fighting to hurt Jason and will stop at nothing to see him hurt just like she is. This suggests that she will not surrender even if it means that she has to hurt her children. We find it difficult to believe that she could injure her own sons. Similarly, the Chorus find Medea heartless for example: â€Å"Miserable woman, you must be made Of stone or iron, to kill† (l.l. 1257-1258) This phrase suggests that the women have now turned away from Medea as soon as they realised she was actually going to kill her children. This implies that they can no longer take the side of a murder and are trying to protect their name. We feel they should have warned her early and convinced her to change her mind about killing her children earlier on. To conclude Medea is a very difficult character to relate to, as none of the events she carried out nowadays would be acceptable. The Nurse only feels sympathy towards Medea because she has raised Medea and does not want to see her get hurt as well as the fact that she knows Medea’s behaviour and mood swings. Unlike the Chorus, that feel sympathy towards Medea but cannot comprehend the fact that she could kill her own flesh.

Human Resource Issue in Brick Moving Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: How to handle the situation? Answer:: Brick Moving Companies has a human resource issue where there is a candidate who is qualified but does not meet the set Bona Fide Occupational Requirement (BFOR). It is important for a human resource management to have proper recruitment and selection strategies that will make it possible to employ highly qualified staff (Brewster Hegewisch, 2017). In this case, there is human resource dilemma where a candidate is qualified but has health conditions to fit in the crew. The candidate is not supposed to work 1without a 30-minute break or more than 2-3 hours total within a workday period. This situation requires being properly accessed to avoid ruining the reputation of the company. Considerations As a human resource manager, it is important for an individual to have the leadership skills and knowledge to handle complex issues in the management. A human resource manager is required to follow the set Federal laws governing employment in the country. The law provides for equal employment to an individual, regardless of their national origin, age, sex and disability (Kehoe Wright, 2013). However, the laws provide the organization to come up with the Bona Fide Occupational Requirement (BFOR) which will assist the hiring and retention of employees in the organization. The qualifications are aimed at maximizing production of the company through the employment of qualified employees. Proper recruitment and selection of employees improve the performance of an organization as the staffs are highly qualified (Wilton, 2016). In this case, the BFOR is based on the minimum hours an employee is required to work which is acceptable by law. The policy of the Brick Moving Company is not discr iminating in nature. Thus it applies to recruitment and selection of employees in the organization. Recruitment and selection in an organization are essential in reducing the employee turnover, which reduces the performance of the business. As the HR manager in the Brick Company, I am supposed to follow the set BFOR to ensure that there is increased production of the company. Therefore, I will not consider hiring the employee because he does not meet the minimum BFOR of working 6-8 hours. The policy is not discriminating candidates and aims at ensuring that there is a continuous improvement of the organization through moving of household products from one place to another (Storey, 2014). The candidate with the medical condition does not meet the set BFOR making it hard to consider him for employment as it will negatively impact the production of the company. The candidate is required to offer quality services to the Brick Mover consumers by lifting and moving the household materials. Research to do I will perform a research regarding the human resource laws to ensure that the decision does not negatively impact the organization. It is important for an organization to consider the society views on particular issues in ensuring that it is widely accepted in the targeted market (Al Ariss, Cascio, Paauwe, 2014). In this case, the organization BFOR does not discriminate by age, sex, national origin, and color making it effective for the organization. The human resource managers are required to consider reduction of cost when coming up with a workforce. The implemented BFOR is aimed at reducing the cost of the company by ensuring that all the available employees are working towards the achievement of set goals. The law requires the owner of the business to defend the BFOR policies implemented to reduce cases of discrimination during recruitment (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). The Brick Company has a policy which aims at ensuring that there is a continuous improvement of the compa ny through the involvement of employees by stating the 6-8 hours one is required to work as a loader/mover. Conclusion and recommendation In this case, it is evident that BFOR policies implemented by the Brick Movers Company are properly as they do not discriminate candidate based on age, sex, national origin and color. This makes the policies effective to use in the human resource management to ensure that there is the achievement of set business goals. The minimum working hours of 6-8 hours are aimed at ensuring that employees are engaged in serving clients in moving their household goods. Therefore, as a human resource manager, I find the BFOR proper in ensuring that there is a continuous improvement of the company through consumer satisfaction through moving services. Bibliography Al Ariss, A., Cascio, W., Paauwe, J. (2014). Talent management: Current theories and future research directions. . Journal of World Business, 173-179. Brewster, C., Hegewisch, A. (2017). Policy and Practice in European Human Resource Management: The Price Waterhouse Cranfield Survey. . Taylor Francis. Kehoe, R., Wright, P. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors. . Journal of management, 366-391. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016). Globalizing human resource management. . Routledge. Storey, J. (2014). New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). . Routledge. Wilton, N. (2016). An introduction to human resource management. . Sage.

Drinking and Driving Essay Example

Drinking and Driving Essay Drinking Driving Driving while either intoxicated or drunk is dangerous and drivers with high blood alcohol content or concentration (BAC) are at greatly increased risk of car accidents, highway injuries and vehicular deaths. Possible prevention measures examined here include establishing DWI courts, suspending or revoking driver licenses, impounding or confiscating vehicle plates, impounding   or immobilizing vehicles, enforcing open container bans, increasing penalties such as fines or jail for drunk driving, and mandating alcohol education. Safety seat belts, air bags, designated drivers, and effective practical ways to stay sober are also discussed. Additional Information †¢ Driving While Intoxicated (DWI/DUI) Information †¢ Preventing Drunk Driving †¢ Young Drivers Alcohol †¢ Doctors for Designated Driving THE PROBLEM Every single injury and death caused by drunk driving is totally preventable. Although the proportion of crashes that are alcohol-related has dropped dramatically in recent decades, there are still far too many such preventable accidents. Unfortunately, in spite of great progress, alcohol-impaired driving remains a serious national problem that tragically effects many victims annually. Its easy to forget that dry statistics represent real people and real lives. Therefore, this page is dedicated to the memory of one randomly-selected victim of a drunk driver, young Donette Rae Jackson. THE FACTS Most drivers who have had something to drink have low blood alcohol content or concentration (BAC) and few are involved in fatal crashes. On the other hand, while only a few drivers have BACs higher than . 15, a much higher roportion of those drivers have fatal crashes. †¢ The average BAC among fatally injured drinking drivers is . 16 1 †¢ The relative risk of death for drivers in single-vehicle crashes with a high BAC is 385 times that of a zero-BAC driver and for male drivers the risk is 707 times that of a sober driver, according to estimates by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). 2 †¢ High BAC drivers tend to be male, aged 25-35, and have a history of DWI convictions and polydrug abuse. 3 THE SOLUTION Drunk driving, like most other social problems, resists simple solutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Drinking and Driving specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Drinking and Driving specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Drinking and Driving specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, there are a number of actions, each of which can contribute toward a reduction of the problem: †¢ DWI courts, sometimes called DUI courts, sobriety courts, wellness courts or accountability courts have proven effective in reducing the crime of drunken driving (driving while    intoxicated or while impaired). Such courts address the problem of hard-core repeat    offenders by treating alcohol addiction or alcoholism. The recidivism or failure rate of DWI courts   is very low. 4 †¢ Automatic license revocation appears to be the single most effective measure to reduce drunk driving. †¢ Automatic license revocation along with a mandatory jail sentence appears to be even more effective than just automatic license revocation. 6 †¢ Impounding or confiscating license plates. 7 †¢ Mandating the installation of interlock devices that prevent intoxicated persons from starting a vehicle. 8 †¢ Vehicle impoundment or immobilization. 9 †¢ Expanding alcohol server training programs. 10 †¢ Implementing social norms programs that correct the misperception that most    people sometimes drive under the influence of alcohol. 1 †¢ Passing mandatory alcohol and drug testing in fatal crashes would promote successful prosecution of drunk and drugged drivers. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has estimated that 18-20% of injured drivers are using drugs and although drinking is on the decline,    drugging is on the increase. However, this figure appears to be much too low. For example: o A study of drivers admitted to a Maryland trauma center found that 34$ tested positive for drugs only, while 16% tested positive for alcohol only. 2 o A study by the Addiction Research Foundation of vehicle crash victims    who tested positive for either legal or illegal substances found that just 15% had consumed only alcohol. 13 o In a large study of almost 3,400 fatally injured drivers from three Aust ralian states, drugs other than alcohol were present in 26. 7% of the cases. Fewer than 10% of the cases involved both alcohol and drugs. 14 o NIDA’s Monitoring the Future survey indicated that in 2004, 12. 7% of high school seniors in the U. S. reported driving under the influence of marijuana and 13.. % reported driving under the influence of alcohol in    the two weeks prior to the survey. 15 o In the State of Maryland’s Adolescent Survey, 26. 8% of the state’s licensed, 12th grade drivers reported driving under the influence of marijuana during the year before the survey. 16 MADD Canada is to be commended for recognizing this serious but generally unrecognized problem and including the reduction of drugged driving as a major goal. Of course, fighting drugged driving must not detract us from working to reduce drunken driving. Promising but inadequately evaluated measures include: Marking the license plate to indicate ownership in the family of someone whose drivers license is suspended or revoked for alcohol offenses. 17   †¢ Passing and enforcing bans on open containers would probably reduce drunk driving by deterring drinking while driving. Surprisingly, some states have vehicular no open container laws. 18 †¢ Imposing graded or multi-tiered penalties based on BAC at the time of arrest. This policy is virtually universal with regard to speeding. 19 †¢ Restricting nighttime driving by young people. This appears to be effective in those states with such restrictions. 0 †¢ Electronically monitoring repeat DWI offenders. 21 †¢ Involving drivers in identifying and reporting possibly drunken drivers to law enforcement authorities by dialing 911 on their cell phones. See Help Police Stop Drunken Drivers †¢ Requiring every state to provide adequate information on alcohol and driv ing to prospective drivers and adequately testing them on the subject in their drivers exams. In too many states, the subject is given only brief mention and do not include any information or testing in the process of obtaining a drivers license. Some actually provide factually incorrect information. All of these very promising measures should be rigorously evaluated scientifically to determine their potential contribution to improving safety. Measures of little or no value: †¢ Incarceration. Jail or prison sentences for alcohol offenses, in spite of their great popularity, appear to be of little value in deterring high BAC drivers. In short, It appears that we can’t jail our way out of the problem. 22 †¢ The perception of swift and certain punishment is more important than severity. 3 †¢ Large fines appear have little deterrent effect, according to research. 24   †¢ Increasing the cost of alcohol with increased   taxation would have virtually no impact on reducing drunk driving. 25   Both research and common sense suggest that heavy drinkers are not deterred by cost and most minors who drink don’t pay for or purchase their beverages. 26 Improved roads and vehicles can contribute signi ficantly to increased highway safety. Technological improvements include raised lane markers, which are easier to see and also emit a startling sound when a tire wanders over them. Similarly corrugations along the edges of roads emit a sound when driven over, thus alerting inattentive drivers to their inappropriate location. Wider roads, improved street and highway lighting, break-away sign posts, brake lights positioned at eye level, door crash bars, and many other improvements can save lives and be cost-effective. PROTECT YOURSELF While society has done much to improve highway safety, you can do much to protect yourself. Dont drink and drive and dont ride with anyone who has too much to drink. Remember, it is usually themselves and their passengers who are harmed by drunk drivers. 7 The risk of collision for high BAC drivers is dramatically higher than for a non-drinking driver. †¢ Volunteer to be a designated driver. †¢ Always use a safety seat belt. †¢ Use four-lane highways whenever possible. †¢ Avoid rural roads. Avoid travel after midnight (especially on Fridays and Saturdays). †¢ Drive defensively. †¢ Choose vehicles with airbags. †¢ Refer to safety ratings before selecting your next vehicle. See Buying a Safer Car (nhtsa. dot. gov/cars/testing/NCAP). Buying A Safer Car includes safety ratings of cars, vans, and sport utility vehicles by year, make, and model. Never use illegal drugs. Illicit drugs are involved in a large proportion of traffic fatalities. †¢ Never drive when fatigued. The dangers posed when fatigued are similar to those when intoxicated. A drunk or fatigued driver has slowed reactions and impaired judgment. And a driver who nods off at the wheel has no reactions and no judgment! Drivers who drift off cause about 72,500 injuries and deaths each and every year. 28 †¢ Dont use a car phone, put on make-up, comb your hair, or eat while driving. Drivers using cellular phones are four times more likely to have an accident than other drivers. 9 †¢ Steer clear of aggressive drivers. Aggressive drivers may be responsibl e for more deaths than drunk drivers. If you must drive after drinking, stay completely sober: 30 †¢ Dont be fooled. The contents of the typical bottle or can of beer, glass of wine, or liquor drink (mixed drink or straight liquor) each contain virtually identical amounts of pure alcohol. When it comes to alcohol, a drink is a drink is a drink and are all the same to a breathalyzer. 31 For more, visit Standard Drinks. †¢ Know your limit. If you are not sure, experiment at home with your spouse or some other responsible individual. Explain what you are attempting to learn. Most people find that they can consume one drink per hour without any ill effects. Also, experiment with the Blood Alcohol Educator, which is very informative and useful. †¢ Eat food while you drink. Food, especially high protein food such as meat, cheese and peanuts, will help slow the absorption of alcohol into your body. †¢ Sip your drink. If you gulp a drink, you lose the pleasure of savoring its flavors and aromas. †¢ Dont participate in chugging contests or other drinking games. †¢ Accept a drink only when you really want one. If someone tries to force a drink on you, ask for a non-alcohol beverage instead. If that doesnt work, lose your drink by setting it down somewhere and leaving it. †¢ Skip a drink now and then. Having a non-alcoholic drink between alcoholic ones will help keep your blood alcohol content level down, as does spacing out your alcoholic drinks †¢ A good general guideline for most people is to limit consumption of alcohol beverages to one drink (beer, wine or spirits) per hour. †¢ Keep active; dont just sit around and drink. If you stay active you tend to drink less and to be more aware of any effects alcohol may be having on you. Beware of unfamiliar drinks. Some drinks, such as zombies and other fruit drinks, can be deceiving as the alcohol content is not detectable. Therefore, it is difficult to space them properly. †¢ Use alcohol carefully in connection with pharmaceuticals. Ask your physician or pharmacist about any precautions or prohibitions and follow any advic e received. PROTECT OTHERS †¢ Volunteer to be a designated driver. †¢ Never condone or approve of excessive alcohol consumption. Intoxicated behavior is potentially dangerous and never amusing. †¢ Dont ever let your friends drive drunk. Take their keys, have them stay the night, have them ride home with someone else, call a cab, or do whatever else is necessary but dont let them drive! Be a good host: †¢ Create a setting conducive to easy, comfortable socializing: soft, gentle music; low levels of noise; comfortable seating. This encourages conversation and social interaction rather than heavy drinking. †¢ Serve food before beginning to serve drinks. This de-emphasizes the importance of alcohol and also sends the message that intoxication is not desirable. †¢ Have a responsible bartender. If you plan to ask a friend or relative to act as bartender, make sure that person is not a drink pusher who encourages excessive consumption. †¢ Dont have an open bar. A responsible person needs to supervise consumption to ensure that no one drinks too much. You have both a moral and a legal responsibility to make sure that none of your guests drink too much. †¢ Pace the drinks. Serve drinks at regular reasonable intervals. A drink-an-hour schedule is a good guide. †¢ Push snacks. Make sure that people are eating. †¢ Be sure to offer a diversity of attractive non-alcohol drinks. For numerous non-alcohol drink recipes, see www. drinksmixer. com/cat/8/). †¢ Respect anyones choice not to drink. Remember that about one-third of American adults choose not to drink and that a guests reason for not drinking is the business of the guest only, not of the host. Never put anyone on the defense for not drinking. †¢ End your gathering properly. Decide when you want the party to end and stop serving drinks well before that time. Then begin serving coffee along with substantial snacks. This provides essential non-drinking time before your guests leave. Protect others and yourself by never driving if you think, or anyone else thinks, that you might have had too much to drink. Its always best to use a designated driver. THE GOOD NEWS We can do it! While we must do even more to reduce drunk driving, we have already accomplished a great deal. †¢ The U. S. has a low traffic fatality rate (drunk, as well as sober) and is a very safe nation in which to drive. And its been getting safer for decades. 32 There are now fewer than one and a half deaths (including the deaths of bicyclists, motorcyclists, pedestrians, auto drivers, and auto passengers) per one hundred million vehicle miles traveled. 3 Alcohol-related traffic fatalities have dropped from 60% of all traffic deaths in 1982 down to 39% in 2005 (the most recent year for which such statistics are available). 34 †¢ Alcohol-related traffic fatalities per vehicle miles driven has also dropped dramatically from 1. 64 deaths per 100 million miles traveled in 1982 down to 0. 56 in 2005 (the latest year for which such statistics are available). 35 †¢ The proportion of alcohol-related crash fatalities has fallen 35% since 1982, but the propor tion of traffic deaths NOT associated with alcohol have jumped 53% during the same time. We’re winning the battle against alcohol-related traffic fatalities, but losing the fight against traffic deaths that are not alcohol-related. 36 We can and must do even better Remember, dont ever, ever drive if you, or anyone else, thinks that you may have had too much to drink. And dont let anyone else. That includes reporting drivers who may be drunk. Its always safest not to drink and drive. For more on designated driving, visit Doctors for Designated Driving. NOTE: The Drink Safely (thumb up) designs is a registered trademark of Coors Brewing Company and used with its permission.

The Story of George Crum, Inventor of the Potato Chip

The Story of George Crum, Inventor of the Potato Chip George Crum (born George Speck; July 15, 1824 – July 22, 1914) was a renowned African-American chef who worked at Moon’s Lake House in Saratoga Springs, New York during the mid-1800s. According to culinary legend, Crum invented the potato chip during his work at the restaurant. Fast Facts: George Crum Known For: Widely credited with inventing potato chips when he sliced an order of French fries extra-thin to spite a demanding customer. The story has since been debunked as a myth, but Crum achieved success when he opened  Crums, a popular restaurant in Malta, New York.  Also Known As: George SpeckBorn: July 15, 1824, in Saratoga Springs,  New York, USADied: July 22, 1914, in Malta, New York, USA The Potato Chip Legend   George Speck was born to parents Abraham Speck and Diana Tull  on July 15, 1824. He grew up in upstate New York and was hired at Moons Lake House in the 1850s. Moon’s Lake House was a high-end restaurant that catered to wealthy Manhattan families when Speck was hired. A  regular patron of the restaurant,  Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, frequently forgot Specks given surname. Vanderbilt  often asked waiters to relay various requests to â€Å"Crum,† thus giving Speck the name he is now known by.   According to popular legend, the potato chip was invented when a picky customer (Vanderbilt himself, according to some reports) repeatedly sent back an order of  French fries, complaining that they were too thick. Frustrated with the customer’s demands, Crum sought revenge by slicing a batch of potatoes paper-thin, frying them to a crisp, and seasoning them with lots of salt. Surprisingly, the customer loved them.  Soon enough, Crum and Moons Lake House became well-known  for their special â€Å"Saratoga chips.†Ã‚   Disputing the Legend   A number of notable accounts  have disputed the story of Crums culinary innovation. Recipes for frying thin potato slices had already been published in cookbooks  by the early 1800s. Several reports on Crum himself, including a  commissioned biography of the chef published in 1893 and his own obituary, were curiously missing any mention of potato chips whatsoever.   Crums sister, Kate Wicks, claimed to be the real inventor of the potato chip. Wick’s obituary, published in The Saratogian in 1924, read, A sister of George Crum, Mrs. Catherine Wicks, died at the age of 102, and was the cook at Moon’s Lake House. She first invented and fried the famous Saratoga Chips. This statement  is supported by Wicks’ own recollections of the tale, which was published in several periodicals during her lifetime. Wicks explained that she had sliced off a sliver of potato that inadvertently fell into a hot frying pan. She let Crum taste it and his enthusiastic approval led to the decision to serve the chips. Crums Legacy Visitors came far and wide to Moons Lake House for a taste of the famous Saratoga chips, sometimes even taking a 10-mile trip around the lake just to get to the restaurant. Cary Moon, the owner of Moon’s Lake House, later tried to claim credit for the invention and began producing and distributing potato chips in boxes. Once Crum opened his own restaurant in the 1860s, called Crum’s, he provided every table with a basket of chips.   Crum’s chips remained a local delicacy until the 1920s when a salesman and entrepreneur named Herman Lay began traveling throughout the south and introducing potato chips to different communities throughout the country. At that point, Crums legacy was overtaken  by the mass production and distribution of potato chips on a national scale. Sources George Crum Dies at Saratoga Lake,  The (Saratoga Springs) Saratogian.  July 27, 1914.  Another Claims Potato Chip Idea,†Ã‚  Glens Falls Post Star.  August 4, 1932Barrett Britten, Elizabeth  [Jean McGregor]. Chronicles of Saratoga, Saratoga Springs, NY. Bradshaw 1947.Bradley, Hugh. Such Was Saratoga.  New York, 1940. 1940, 121-122.Dearborn, R.F.  Saratoga and How to See It. Albany, New York. 1871.  Gruse, Doug. Chipping Away at History.  Post-Star, Glens Falls, New York. November 25, 2009Kitchiner, William.  The Cook’s Oracle; Containing Receipts for Plain Cookery, on the Most Economical Plan for Private Families. 4th ed. A. Constable and Co. of Edinburgh and London.Lee, N.K.M.  The Cooks Own Book: Being A Complete Culinary Encyclopedia.  Boston, Munroe, and Francis. New York, Charles E. Francis, and David Felt. 1832.

Realism and Idealism in International Relations Essay

Realism and Idealism in International Relations - Essay Example It was from this source where the cynicism of the idea that th ends justifies the means first saw their origins. The ideas of Modern Realism took root in the ideas of Hans Mogenthau who laid out the principles of Modern Realism. Before proceeding further it is important to underline some of the ideas of Realism in a more fully expanded form. Realism operates under the underlying assumption that the in there is no over riding sense of order and justice governing international states. In other words there is a sense of international anarchy which can only be kept in check by individual states acting in their own self interests to keep control and authority over their own national borders. Sovereign states in these conditions therefore act to strengthen their own relative position in regard to their competitors. In this scenario the problems of conflict arise when states acting in their own interest become powerful and threaten the security of their neighbors. In this shifting balance of power there is a pattern of alliances that occur. Hans Mogenthau in his seminal work Politics among Nations laid out a group of certain principles that he believed outlined the ideas of Realism. He argued that power was the main currency between nations. Political actions of states were therefore governed by this need to acquire power. This was a rational impulse which could be understood in terms of recognizable patterns. The important distinction he made from earlier ideas was that morality was irrelevant. It was not that states were immoral but rather that they were amoral, because in being guided by the pursuit of power relations, morality played little role. Mogenthau's ideas are now often seen in conjunction with the thoughts of another influential thinker in... It was not that states were immoral but rather that they were amoral, because in being guided by the pursuit of power relations, morality played little role. Mogenthau's ideas are now often seen in conjunction with the thoughts of another influential thinker in the field at the time, Rhinehold Niebuhr. Both theorists' ideas grew out of the darker realities witnessed in the aftermath of World War II and the Cold War that followed. Observing the dangers of the escalating scale of nuclear armament throughout the Cold War both thinkers espoused what has come to be seen as Classical Realism where they warned against the dangers of a dual balance of power as was seen between the Soviet Union and the United States. Not all shared the distrust of the the bipolar theory of balance of power. Kenneth Waltz argued for the very bipolar balance of power that the previous two thinkers resisted. Kenneth Waltz focused on the anarchy among satellite states and called for that bipolar framework of power which allowed states to balance their interests in terms of well defined allegiances. Because this theory tended to remove the behavioral aspects out of the framework of the argument it tended to be known as the Neoclassical Realist Approach as it looked at structural determinants rather than strictly focusing on the drive to acquire power as a behavioral expectation of individuals, and by extension states.